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It’s the most famous prediction of perhaps the most famous genius of our time … Stephen Hawking’s theory of Hawking Radiation.
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Quantum Vacuum Playlist
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Soon after Einstein revealed his great general theory of relativity in 1915, physicists realized that it allowed for the possibility of catastrophic gravitational collapse. In places of extreme density like the dead core of a massive star, space and time could be dragged inwards to create a hole in the universe: a boundary in spacetime called an event horizon that could be entered, but from beyond which nothing could return. Once formed, there was nothing in theory or imagination that could bring material consumed back to the outside universe. These black holes should exist forever – only growing, never shrinking.
References:
Black Hole Explosions?
S. W. Hawking (1974)
https://www.nature.com/articles/248030a0 (paywall)
Particle Breation by Black Holes
S. W. Hawking (1975)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02345020 (paywall)
https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103899181
Hawking Radiation as Tunneling
M. K. Parikh & F. Wilczek (2002)
https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9907001
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44 Comments
@hunterparent1350
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMMissing a second of this video is like missing a second on the outskirts of an event horizon… it moves quickly and every word counts.
@JoshVandever
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMThere is a few problems with this. I know the great Stephen Hawkings was a genius and all but… The particles of production pairs have to be massless, because being that close to the event horizon means that the particle would have to be traveling close to the speed of light to escape from the back hole. If it was massless, it would not have an antimatter twin to be produced with, because photons are their own anti particle. Plus they can't take mass from the black hole because they are massless. Correct me if I'm wrong, but that seems like a major problem.
@matthewparker9276
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMDo we actually know that black holes evaporate via hawking radistion? It wouldn't be the only way GR breaks conservation of energy if not.
@Bedran2345
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMthe hawk tuah radiation
@peres9559
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMThe more I listen and understand about quantum physics, the more I think it's very speculative and less fact based. Idk quantum gravity theory isn't even proved to be there
@johnnyboy-f6v
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI find Hawking Radiation (HR) fascinating but please forgive my ignorance here but if one of the virtual particles falls into the Event Horizon (EH) and the other escapes then that increases the Black Hole's overall 'energy'/'entropy' or whatever. Yet, the escaped particle (which did NOT come from inside the EH) is supposed to evaporate the Black Hole. How, since nothing is actually escaping? If anything the BH is increasing in virtual particles. So how do BHs evaporate? By this scenario they only get bigger!
@ThoughtsAreReal
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMMakes me think of Hawking radiation therapy for treatment of malignant black holes.
@bilalfouzi507
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMMy boy was clapping cheeks, exploring event horizons at epstein Island
@SpaceGod143
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMTell your dad to shut up! I’m a validated physicist now. 😁🤝😁
@Bldyiii
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMSo black holes are the counterforce to space-time expansion?
@ProtectedLeaf2000
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI've watched a few videos just to comprehed hawking radiation, but yours is the best bc u explained instead of leave us think about why
@tomasgray6441
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMThe most powerful gravitacional thing we know and it leaks….love it 😂
@phillipcoetzer8186
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMCan someone whose clued up explain something to me?
When two black holes collide does this happen inside their combined event horizons?
If so it means gravitational waves can escape the event horizon and if that's the case it's another way black holes loose energy.
@jamesruscheinski8602
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMat the event horizon of black hole, space – time gravity field tensor on left side of Einstein equation outside black hole becomes matter / energy stress tensor on right side of Einstein equation inside black hole; as space travels further towards center of black hole, quantize right side of Einstein equation matter / energy stress tensor?
@richardfranks5167
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMWhether you use fields or particles isn’t there a 50% chance antimatter/negative waves will fall in reducing the mass and 50% chance regular matter/positive waves will fall in increasing mass?
@troyherschler4052
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMCan someone please describe to me the geodesic thru space time a particle of hawking radiation would use to escape an event horizon in an area of space time defined as having zero possible escape geodesics for particles? Either the definitions are wrong or there is a logic problem here.
@user-iksd0713
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PM지난 5년 동안 몰래카메라 한국 방송공사 인간극장 촬영으로 얼마나 아래와 같은 자료가 남의 손에 들어 갔는지 모른다 내가 고등학교 때 습득한 과학지식은 우주공간은 원자로 이루어져 있으며 완전 유전체 물질수지 공간이며 질량보존의 법칙이 기본법칙이다 중력 빅뱅 배경복사 팽창 등 아무것도 일어나지 않으며 원자 자기력으로 움직인다 이것이 암흑 에너지다 자기장이 있는 물질이 회전을 하게 되면 내부의 압력으로 열이 발생하면 지구의 용암 태양의 홍염 코로나 태양풍 흑점과 같은 현상이 생기며 자기장은 자기장의 가두기로 태양은 타고 있으며 타지않으면 블랙홀이다 블랙홀의 중심은 메타물질과 같은 암흑물질이 생기며 폭발은 없으나 폭발하게되면 극지방으로 빠저나간다 그리고 달과 화성에 운석의 충돌 흔적이 많은 것을 보면 자기장의 차이이며 제 역할을 할때는 운석을 밀어내나 역전현상이 생기면 충돌로 이어진다 공룡의 멸종을 부른 운석의 충돌은 자기장이 자전축의 변화로 일어난 것이며 동식물의 진화에서 동물의 진화는 난활의 시작이 진화를 보여준다 동물극과 식물극의 차이로 동물의 진화는 결정된다 공룡의 알은 노출된 것으로 나와 있으며 그러면 털이 있어야 알을 부화할수 있으나 복원된 공룡이 털이 있는 종류는 하나도 없다 인류의 진화는 유인원에서 시작된 것이 아니라 인 류라는 고유의 종에서 시작된 것이다 유태반류의 높은 지능을 가진것은 유태반류의 특징이며 지구상의 최고의 포식자로 자리매김한 예를 보여준다 인류의 영양상태가 좋아진 것은 녹색 혁명을 맞이 하면서 좋아진 것이다 그리고 식인풍습 근친혼은 근대에도 행해졌으며 이러한 결과는 유전병을 달고 살았으며 유골로만 판단하는 것은 오류다 흰머리 스트레스 멜라닌 과산화 수소 이것은 흰머리가 나는 주요 원인이다 그러나 이것은 면역과 효소에 의한 것이다 그러나 인간의 의학은 원인만 알지 과정과 결과는 모른다 면역과 효소가 어떻게 일어나는지 서술하지 못한다 스트레스도 쥐를 통해서 가스와 전기자극으로 스트레스를 주면 모든 자손들은 유전된다 식물이 광합성을 하면 영양분이 대부분 토양에 뿌려진다 뿌리의 ARF7 물질을 제거하면 수분을 감지하지 못한다 그러나 인간의 과학지식은 원인이 무엇인지 모른다 화학반응과 물질이다 답은 서술하지 못한다 동식물은 꼬리없는 정자와 꼬리있는 정자로 수정을 하며 어류는 부유성 어류는 성전환을 하며 저서성 어류는 난활때 성이 정해진다 성이 정해질수 빡에 없는 이유가 있다 양자 역학의 스핀은 전자기파에 의해서 영향을 받으며 중첩과 얽힘에서 얽힘은 반물질이며 전하를 계산할수 있다 입자성과 파동성을 동시에 볼수있는 예가 햭 연료 제어봉의 푸른빛이 나는 현상이다 서양의 양자 역학은 불확정성의 원리와 같은 보이지 않는 미적분의 양자 역학이 아니라 동양의 동양 철학의 무극이 태극이요 태극이 무극이요 란 팔괘에서 시작 되면서 보이는 양자역학 미시적인 양자역학 거시적인 원자 자기력을 보여준다 양자 컴퓨터는 원소와 원리를 알아야 할것이다 일반 컴퓨터도 양자 컴퓨터의 효과를 낼수있다 이것뿐만 아니라 인간이 만든 최고의 폭발물은 원폭이다 과거의 원폭은 우랴늄이 주원료로 사용된 것이라면 현대는 기폭제만 우랴늄이고 주원료는 수소다 이것은 우랴늄 기체 폭탄에는 수류탄 급이다 아르곤 가스가 우랴늄 기체다 여기에 두 종류의 기체를 첨가하면 독특한 반응을 보이는데 수소가 소진할때까지 반응한다 즉 멸종이다 초전도체라는 이론이 나온지 백년이 넘어도 물리적특성도 개념도 모른다 오비탈이 0이고 전기저항이 0이다 이를 수용하는 물질이 우랴늄염이 있다 그리고 직류에만 작용하는 이유와 BTS 이론이 맞지않는 이유가 무엇일까.프라즈마 초전도체 우랴늄염 지구의 내핵 용암 자기장이 같은 현상이다 그리고 모든 결합과 반응을 통칭한다 그러나 설명하지 않는다 한 나라의 국방은 항공모함에 달려있다 이 항공모함의 제일 큰 비중은 캐타펄트이며 수증기식이나 전자식이나 문제가 많다 제일 적은 비용으로 할수있는 방법이 폭약식과 유압식이다 그리고 추진기의 기술은 보여주지도 않는다 그 이유는 추진기만 보면 음파를 알수있기 때문이다 그러나 이 음파도 조와저항을 줄이면 음파도 줄일수 있다 인간의 통증을 다스리는 봉독이 중합 효소인 까닭과 결합과 성분이 병에 작용하는 원리는 무엇일까 그리고 독버섯의 독과의 같은 점은 무엇일까
@stephanies9569
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMThis guy sucks
@paradox3661
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMBut i didn't undertand well. Why only the wavelenght with negative frequency are scattereted
@rykehuss3435
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI still dont understand how Hawking radiation causes the black hole to lose mass at a fundamental, logical level. If anything, it should be a positive gain of mass since its gaining free virtual particles that become real. Yes I know virtual particles arent actually particles (no fundamental particle is a "particle" in the way we imagine a particle to be, but rather a specific perturbation of the underlying quantum field), but still that doesnt explain how the black hole loses mass. Its gaining energy in the form of virtual particles, while the other half of the pair "flies" off into wherever (why it doesnt annihilate with some other virtual particle is never explained, the space should be full of virtual particles)
Also annihilation of particles in low-energy collisions should release all their energy as photons but for some reason that doesnt apply to virtual particles because otherwise that'd violate the law of conservation of energy. Apparently its fine if you violate the laws of nature for a very short time. The freaking hogwash in these hypothesis is mindblowing. Some explanations say that black holes gain "negative energy" virtual particles, which of course doesnt make any sense either.
But then again its important to note that Hawking radiation isnt a law, nor is it a theory. Its a hypothesis that some scientists believe in, and some dont. Why some astronomers consider it akin to a law of nature defeats me.
@weedmanwestvancouverbc9266
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMOne thing that always puzzled me. Is that the radiation from a black hole has a characteristic temperature of a black body. Presumably witha Spectrum.
If the temperature of the universe outside the black hole is above it's characteristic temperature that it radiates at, wouldn't it be impossible for the black hole to start evaporating until the universe cools below that temperature?
@JonathanJollimore-w9v
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMCould this be the fabled vacuum decay?
@TruthWielders
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMWhen do I get to "turn on the JET-PACK" (9m25) ?
@justryingmybest
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMThat the radiation comes from the global black hole leads me to wonder if decoherance has a more central role in gravity 🤔
@MichaelSkinner-e9j
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMWhy don’t we look to wandering black holes for civilizations?
They could create tiny spinning black holes out of light, go one percent the speed of light to wherever they wanted, adjust the heading so they don’t fall in and so it doesn’t swallow up the place they’re going.
That would give them power in addition to fusion, and they could literally have as much power as they needed for as long as they needed, and have protection.
-you would have about 1000 feet of carbon nanotubes/ graphene boronitride and and have various faraday cage sizes.
You could have 1080 cylinders orbiting a small spinning black hole like a top/frisbee, it would protect them, and they would have power for however, long they needed.
Once they got close to their destination, just don’t feed it, you could put it around a stable orbit to the solar system, and then just wait for it to slowly evaporate.
-All you have to do is make sure that nothing gets in there and then you can take advantage of the naked singularity
@Iowa599
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMWhat's the difference between a small black hole & a large black hole if black holes are infinetly small?
@happywithsugar7394
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMstephen WHYYYY did you go to the island WHAT DID YOU EVEN GET OUT OF IT DUDE
@Acrivec
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMListening is quite good, but watching the video is a bit… off.
Too much of exaggerated theatrical face expressions and body language.
@adrianaspalinky1986
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI wrote more, I let Chris Lintott know via Mastodon
@adrianaspalinky1986
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMAre you saying that black holes heat up the background field of space?
Is this due to the movement of the black hole through SpaceTime……
@Slipknoted911
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMEpstein Radiation
@abelardoruiz5544
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PM😅lol
@amichaelthomas83
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMWhat would happen to the angular momentum or for that matter the charge of an evaporated black hole?
@skeltek7487
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI never agreed with Hawking on BHs evaporating. Essentially he just stated they evaporate, then wrote it down as a formula in a way not containing contradictions.
In the end, the average impulse flow density vector field of virtuale particle pairs generated around a BH would be towards the black hole.
One got to explain an impulse flow from the BH to the outside first, before one may assume virtual particles not adding to the BH mass on average instead of adding to it.
It all comes down to impulse flow amount and directions. That's also why virtual particles would always be heading towards the EH when generated. Only if less impulse flows from the outside to the BH than the other way around, the BH may shrink it's EH. But the problem still pertains about the BH radiating at all or not.
Essentially all those theories and assumptions start out by assuming the desired outcome, then constructing the argumentation as a logical loop or tautology.
We simply cannot know without actually being able to measure and observe the evaporation.
@DuaneCowell
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMPoor Hawke, he had a strong name, saw a lot, most of everything, he soared, but was brought down by unknown forces?
@pitchlumin
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMAn object that can pull in light, lets out radiation?
@NotTonTon
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI came looking for answers. I leave with even more.
@jenniferlindsey2015
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMSo, does that mean matter itself is simply made up of a large amount of energy? E = MC2 backwards?
@bigboi7052
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMhe moving his head like he on crack
@kiran9s
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI've degree in physics, masters and PhD in computers. I respect Hawking's all of the work, but I still believe hawking radiation doesnt exist.
@betabenja
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMif the path goes from past to future, why doesn't the black hole form then stay on the path, all the way to the far future, so that the far future is not flat space? surely assuming the black hole is not present in the future forces the necessity of hawking radiation to evaporate it?
@angelstrawn5493
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMI cannot believe that black holes evaporate when they are continually being discovered with ever increasing masses. Ton 608 was the mass leader but has been surpassed by Phoenix A. I would not be surprised to learn there is an even greater monster out there, perhaps the Great Attractor is a black hole of several galactic masses. These virtual particles are still in very close proximity to the black so there is a chance they just become part of the black hole further increasing its mass.
@Masterfailure-b7i
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMSpace-time radiation
@iagle
02/19/2025 - 8:03 PMNonsense, Hawkins was a fraud. His foundation had co-signers on his papers. He was a perraplegic for most of his life and his theory can still be disproven, greatest physicist? I'm still laughing.